Stage 1
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums caused by plaque and tartar at the gum line. Gums look pink-to-red and may bleed slightly during brushing. The bone and tooth attachment haven't been damaged yet. Reversible with consistent daily brushing, dental chews, and a vet check. Most dogs in this stage don't yet need a professional clean. The trick is catching it early.
Stage 2
Early periodontitis
Mild bone loss begins (up to 25% at affected teeth). Gum recession may be visible at one or two teeth. Tartar is established under the gum line, where home brushing can't reach. Professional cleaning under anaesthetic is needed. Sometimes individual teeth can be saved with focused treatment. Home care alone won't reverse what's happening below the gum line.
Stage 3
Moderate periodontitis
Significant bone loss (25-50% at affected teeth). Gum recession visible across the mouth. Pockets between gum and tooth deepen. Bad breath becomes persistent. Full anaesthetic clean with periodontal pocket treatment. Some teeth may need extracting if the bone supporting them is too far gone. Recovery is good once treated. Systemic infection risk is meaningful at this stage.
Stage 4
Advanced periodontitis
Severe bone loss (over 50%), tooth mobility, possible tooth loss. Pus, persistent strong odour, refusal to eat hard food. Heavy tartar often visible to the eye. Urgent vet attention. Multiple extractions are likely. Recovery is dramatic — dogs are typically much more comfortable within days, but the procedure itself is more involved (longer anaesthetic, possible antibiotics, follow-up appointments).